Sexual Harassment Case Between Cordoza Vs. Foodservice Inc.

The sexual harassment case between Cordoza vs. Foodservice Inc., Creative Marketing Solutions and Harrison is a very sticky case that needs to be decided. I have read all the material given about all the different cases in the past where it shows clearly it is very hard to convict someone of sexual harassment. You have to keep a lot of things in mind when you are deciding what you think the outcome if this case should be. To begin I will start trying to determine my thoughts on the outcome of the case by first stating what the courts definition of sexual harassment is. â€Å"Sexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination that violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964†. â€Å"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a federal law†¦show more content†¦The company was involved in many non-profits organizations and provided many services for them for free. Both companies have great reputations in the community and the business world. Ms. Cordoza believes she was sexual harassed over the eight months she worked with Food Service Inc. and Mr. Harrison. She also believed her company was aware of the harassment that was going on but failed to do anything but instead â€Å"looked the other way† and did nothing to resolve the situation. Since they failed to do so and let it to continue Ms. Cordoza felt she should file for damages. Mr. Harrison felt that he and Ms. Cordoza had become close friends over time that they worked together on this marketing campaign and on other marketing campaigns. Mr. Harrison said he tried to help her make business connections in the community because she was new to town and didn’t know anyone and to try and help her network her business in the community. He also stated she was a very likable person and thought she would do well. Ms. Cordoza stated the harassment started after a networking event they attended with the Chamber of Commerce. The two went to dinner across the street from the event and Mr. Harrison insisted he pay for dinner. She said she offered several times to pay but did not want to cause any problems so she just let him pay the bill.

Reading And Math Team Leader - 881 Words

I interviewed my boss Ann Lounsbury, who is a Title Reading and Math Team leader. She currently works at Kennedy Elementary school, located on the East side of Lawrence, Kansas. Currently there are about four hundred students at the school, it is preschool through fifth grade. Ann has been in the field of education for twenty eight years. During her time in education she was an elementary teacher, elementary school councilor, and currently a Title I Team Leader. She has been at Kennedy for the last seven years in her position. Ann’s responsibilities are being the team leader of the ten title staff, building assessment coordinator, building SIT team facilitator, and instruction coach. Ann is always busy at work, but seems to always find time to sit down with anyone if you need something. Though Ann’s title does not seem like it is in administration, she is the untitled vice principle at our school. Our school that we work in a Title I school. Seventy-eight perc ent of the students are on free and reduced lunch, though it is a low income school. During the interview Ann spoke a lot about how lucky she is to not be included in any legal issues while at Kennedy. During her time as a councilor she was not so lucky, during her time with a student years ago the student confide in her that she was being sexually abused. Because of mandatory reporting of abuse and neglect she had to call it in. She said that it was the hardest thing she has ever had to do. MostlyShow MoreRelatedEssay On School-Wide Data Analysis1068 Words   |  5 PagesMAP results for students who took Math, Reading, Science tests in grades k-9 in order to identify percentage of Students who met or exceeded their projected RIT (Rasch Unit) in 2016-2017 school year. I also analyzed the results by classroom, subject, and teacher. I used the MAP winter 2016 results, I prepared a projected proficiency summary report for the Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortia (SBAC) and ACT t ests in spring 2017. Currently, I am helping the admin team to develop a plan for low performingRead MoreThe Curriculum : Learning Needs Of A Particular Student Or Small Group Of Students Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pagesdemanding or challenging. As many teachers that I’ve interviewed put it, â€Å"Do we have to differentiate in math, too?† We can do this in reading, but it’s impossible in math! In reading, there are so many books to choose from that focus on different interests and that are written for a variety of reading levels. Often times, it has to do with math facts and fluency. Working with students on their math facts is differentiating enough.† It is vital to recognize that many teachers (particularly in elementaryRead MoreAn Analysis Of Math Data On District And School Levels1268 Words   |  6 Pages An analysis of math data from state, district, school, and five fifth grade classrooms yielded the following results. The Asian-Pacific Islander subgroup across all grade levels significantly outperformed all subgroups at the state level. However, at the district level this data will not be considered because there are no Asian-Pacific Islander students. At the district and school levels white students outperformed all subgroups. In the case of Blacks, the state percentage of student masteryRead MoreHigh School Math Common Assessment871 Words   |  4 Pagesare they testing the actual skill, the standard and what platforms are being used? These are the considerations of the district so the teachers thought. The intentions were good, but the mindset of follow through was not. As for the middle school math common assessments of nine week exams for the district were to be taken on an online testing platform and graded by the computer. The thought process was to mimic the Florida Standards Assessment. Teacher from different school were asked to workRead MoreJefferson Elementary School Data Analysis : Jefferson Elementary School908 Words   |  4 Pagesspecific sub-groups and during specific periods of time. The data shows how 80% of the students during the school year 2006-2007 are meeting high standards in Reading. This is a strength identified in the data analysis; However, during the school year 2002-2003 the same percentage was acquired. The students who meet a high standard in Reading dropped three percent between the years 2002-2003 and 2003-2004. Moreover, they dropped again by a two percent between the years 2004-2005, for a total of fiveRead MoreUniversity s Master Of Educational Leadership Program For The Winter Of 2016-2017893 Words   |  4 Pagesprogram for the winter of 2016-2017. Currently, I am the head of the math department, hockey coach and assistant athletic director at New Hampton School, in New Hampton, NH. I would like to pursue a master’s degree in educational leadership with a focus on athletic administration to further my knowledge of the required leade rship qualities, specialized skills and educational systems so that I may ultimately become a better math department chair and an athletic director. My academic career has consistedRead MoreExamples Of Intersections Of Multiple Measures972 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment choice (School Processes) on formative assessment tools (Student Learning) utilized in the classroom relate to student enrollment (Demographics)? Will community perceptions (Perceptions) and school board policy (School Processes) on the use of GO MATH assessment (Student Learning) in k-5 influence the longitudinal dropout rate (Demographics)? Does School funding (School Processes) and parental perceptions (Perception) produce significant differences in STAR scores (Student Learning)of Hispanic PopulationsRead MoreThe Curriculum At Wilson Elementary School1647 Words   |  7 Pagesimagined.† Wilson’s Mission is â€Å"To pursue knowledge, strive for excellence and to model an attitude of contribution and gratitude, both individually and as a community.† The principal is Mr. Carlos Perez. I met with Ms. Holly Wellensiek, the Teacher Leader Coach at Wilson Elementary. Some of Ms. Wellensiek’s official job description is to support implementation of interdisciplinary, cross-content techniques and the use of materials in support of disciplinary literacy, to provide peer assistance andRead MoreImportant Characteristics of a Mechanical Engineer772 Words   |  4 Pagesdesign skills and a specialized knowledge of math, physics, and electricity (2014). The Government of Alberta also wants their mechanical engineers to have â€Å"the ability to visualize three-dimensional objects from two-dimensional drawings† (2009). The Virginia Career VIEW website is much more in depth and adds that mechanical engineers should have design, production and processing, and customer and personal service knowledge (2014a); critical thinking, reading comprehension, active listening, and judgmentRead MoreIn One’S Life Everyone Wants To Become A Leader In At Least1543 Words   |  7 PagesIn one’s life everyone wants to become a leader in at least one activity. There is some strange feeling of satisfaction that comes along with being the boss. During On Course by Skip Downing and The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People by Stephen Covey they continue to stress using effective communication and learning so you can become a leader in your home, workplace, and community. They have many ideas on how to help you with concept, but there are four specific ideas that I believe effect this

The Baseline Leadership Survey For The First Cohort Essay

Results Leadership Survey When analyzing the baseline leadership survey for the first cohort, we specifically looked at baseline frequency distributions of the â€Å"I feel like a Leader scenarios, most Littles reported feeling more like a leader at home and with friends. On a scale of one to five, one being Not at all like me and five being A lot like me, many girls indicated that they were less likely to feel like a leader at school. As seen in table 8 below, 14 percent of Littles reported that they did not feel like a leader at school, compared to that of 11.6 percent who did. Conversely, 7 percent of Littles reported that they did not feel like a leader with friends, compared to the 16.3 percent that did. Lastly, when assessing Littles who felt like a leader at home, 11.6 percent reported that they felt less like a leader, compared to the 23.3 percent who did. When analyzing the end of program leadership survey for the first cohort, most Littles reported feeling more like a leader at home and with friends. As seen in table 9, 16.3 percent of Littles reported that they did not feel like a leader at school, compared to that of 7 percent who did. On the other hand, 14 percent of Littles reported that they did not feel like a leader with friends, compared to the 16.3 percent that did. Lastly, when assessing Littles who felt like a leader at home, 16.3 percent reported that they felt less like a leader, compared to the 16.3 percent who did. A paired-samples t-test was runShow MoreRelatedThe New Graduate Nurse Cohort1397 Words   |  6 Pagesimperative that the new graduate nurse cohort be given a full immersion into the organizational culture, a quality orientation program, and to feel welcomed into their departments to foster embeddedness early in the program (Reitz, 2014). 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Utilizing research as a basis, YWLP integrates individual mentoring withRead MoreQuality and the Balanced Scorecard Approach: Nursing and Health Care1431 Words   |  6 Pagesa large impact on internal job satisfaction for nurses and medical staff as well. For instance, if the BSA uses an internal survey to gauge satisfaction and asks: Do you think you should have more financial compensation for what you do at work? what employee would not respond yes? Instead, information must be connected to all stakeholders and phrased with careful baseline measurements that are general and reasonable. 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In order to advance current practices into EBP supported practices, the establishment needs transformational leadership, collaboration, and strategic guidance (Hauck, Winsett, Kuric, 2013). When establishing new procedures based on EBP, it is essential to consider improvement of care experienced, enhance the health of populations, and reduce costs of care per individual Read MoreBackground Of The National Longitudinal Transition Study Essay1778 Words   |  8 Pageswho are less prepared for college and career. Analyses of the data from transcripts and other district data on NLTS youth will inform us on what the special education entails for this generation of high school students. This data will also be the first nationally representative data depicting high school and transition experiences for students qualified for accommodations under Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973. 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Compared with the same age cohort in years past, levels of voting have declined significantly. Voting may be the most visible, but it is certainly not the only way to participate in a democracy. In his book Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam includes the following in his definitionRead MoreResearch Fundations5609 Words   |  23 Pageseffectiveness of training given to the new associates. CommunnaTell Wireless will conduct surveys of recent customers to the call center to determine the root cause of the recent complaints. Propose Research CommunnaTell Wireless Company will conduct personal phone interviews with 300 customers recently called into the center. Conducting the survey in the next 30 days will enable â€Å"quick wins† with the data surveyed. 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African Americans The Treatment Of Minority Athletes

A synopsis of racism in American Sports The treatment of minority athletes, particularly African Americans has been a grave issue in American sports for decades. More than fifty years ago, to be a colored person playing a so- called â€Å"white sport,† meant that it was an unfortunate fact that inequality, prejudices and racial discrimination came along with that territory, and it is also an unfortunate fact that some of those racial tensions are yet in full, modernized effect today. African- American starting five, or starting lineman, being told what to do, when, and how to do it by their Caucasian coaches, and general managers, are in sync with past century notions of African- American slaves being under total dominion and authority of†¦show more content†¦Although, Glory Road may seem to be solely about the challenges that African Americans faced in the white bastion of mid-century college sport, it also contributes greatly to the larger genre of white-centered sports films. The team s triumph and victo ry marks a new era in collegiate basketball, and insinuates the beginning of what colored people thought would be the end of racial discrimination in the United States. Joshua Pitts, and Daniel Yost go on, by way of field study research, to elaborate on racial position segregation, or racial â€Å"stacking† in intercollegiate football. By estimating a probit model, an approximation was made on the impact that an athlete s race could have on the probability of him or her changing positions when transitioning from high school to the collegiate ranks. Racial position segregation refers to the phenomenon of white and African American players being relegated to certain types of positions on a team. Pitts and Yost state that â€Å"the broad wage gap between African- American athletes, and white athletes is primarily considered a ‘within-plant’ phenomenon, meaning that white athletes tend to occupy the higher paid positions on a team or firm† (Pitts, Yost, 208) . 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Act 3 the Crucible Free Essays

Act III- Irony During Act III of The Crucible, by Arthur Miller; the central way that Miller depicts the corruption rooted within Salem is through the usage of the literary device, irony. The usage of personal pronouns within this work of literature seems to indicate a sense of power that the citizens have, versus the power found within the unknown. Parris says the following in order to encourage Mary Warren to cast out the devil, â€Å" Cast the devil out! Look him in the face! Trample him! We’ll save you, Mary, only stand fast against him and† (109). We will write a custom essay sample on Act 3 the Crucible or any similar topic only for you Order Now The usage of the pronoun ‘We’ll’ gives the reader a sense of authority that is held by the high officials in Salem. Irony is plainly evoked because the entire idea of the trails is to test the limits of the spiritual world within the town of Salem. The usage of personal pronouns reflects the flaws that seem to fuel these trials. The controversial topic of god rooted within these trials is ironic in the sense that doing the right thing could potentially be life threatening. Mary Warren proclaims that she loves god, after announcing her devilish pact, and says, â€Å" No, I love God; I go your way no more. I love God, I bless God. Abby, Abby, I’ll never hurt you more† (110). Salem becomes so deeply rooted in lies that the idea of god becomes clouded for those who try to seek the right thing. The choice between life and death, right and wrong, becomes diluted, making the right decisions punishable. No matter what is confessed, someone will either have to live with making the wrong decision, or die because a right decision was made. The figurative device of irony becomes reoccurring during act three in order to further show the reader the corrupt practices that are happening in Salem. How to cite Act 3 the Crucible, Papers

Music Publishing Need in National Copyright Laws

Question: Write an essay on music publishing? Answer: Introduction: Music publishing is termed as a contractual relationship between the music publisher and the songwriter, under such contract music composer assigns all copyrights of the music to the publisher for commercial exploitation of the music (Kidson, 1907). Randal Wixen described Music Publishing is the owing and exploiting of songs in the form of musical copyrights. Development, valuation and protection of the music are the things which are concerned in the business of music publishing. As per contract publisher ensures that with the exploitation of the songs, composer receives the credit and the royals. In other words, songwriter gives the copywrith of the song to the publisher to exploit the song and thus, income generated to be shared by both the parties (Asscher, 1992). In olden times when musical recordings were not introduced, publishers and songwriter generated the income through sale of sheet music. Nowdays songs can be exploited via media which includes recordings, television, film, radio and video. Its the US copyright law which governs music publishing but due to some private contractual agreements some of the music publishing laws is negotiated (Fletcher and Lobato, 2013). The music publishers act as strong intermediaters between the music composers and the record companies. Half of the royalties along with the copyright of the song is enjoyed by the publisher from the music composer (Frith, 1988). A large cash advance by the publisher is made to the promising writer but sometimes this advance can also be minimal and records the songwriter composition with the performance. Its also the duty of publisher to collect royalities and to give songwriter share. Its the publisher who arrange for songs to be placed in television shows, advertisement and films and also assist the writer in obtaining recording contract if the songwriter is also a performer (Garofalo, 1999). The other thing which publisher is to do is collecting royalities and giving the share to songwriter. There are many sources from where the income of publishing comes, but the income generated from retail sale of the recordings is different (Hauser, 1958). The royalities are furthure differentiated into different tpes: Mechanical Royalities are obtained from the sale of recorded music with the right to record, copy and distribute copies of composition and these mechanical royalities are paid separately to the publishers by the recording companies. Each pubisher is required to grant a compulsory license to any one who wish to record a composition that has been in he past released commercially or has already been recorded and in return to this a minimum price is paud to the publisher which is at most of the time judged by the CONGRESS in the US. Normally a private license is taken to record a label on a negociated amount rahtr that to go through the rules and regulations which are basically very rigid and tough under a compulsory license act. In other words every tme your song is manufactured to be sold in the market in the form of a cassette or a cd etc, downloaded on a computer from a site, or on a digital music retail site, or aired through AIR or any other services like spotify , you owe a mechan ical royality.Thus huge /vast money can be collected and earned by way of the mechanical royalties (Popular Music: Education Issue, 1995). If someone buys one of your song and makes 1000 cd of it, you shall definitely be getting royality and that too handsome one, no matter those cds are further ever purchased by any of the buyesr or not.and in similar way if MP3s are made same way you shall be getting your share of job done, rest it may or may not get sold in the market. Performance Royalties: Apart from this tere are some performance royalties, to explain it, these are paid if in case a song is played on AIR (Radio), TV, or is used as back ground music, or in bars, clubs, dance parties etc. These performance royalties are so effective that through this sometimes the money earned may go in millions and trillions of dollars collections, But this is tough for the publisher to sign a performance licenses with all the above described parties, thus to curb up this problem PRO (Performing rights organisations) comes into existence which collects fees on behalf of these publishers or song writers, Some examples or such PRO which exists in the USA are the society of European state authors and composers (SESAC), Broad cast music inc. (BMI), The American society of society and composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP). A single publisher/Songwriter has got restricted to get himself registered under a single PRO only as if this is not done and a publisher/Songw riter is registered under several number of PRO there shall be a huge confusion as to which PRO is responsible to collect royalty on his behalf(Eagle, 2004). Recording artists who feels like being cheated by the publishers on account of their royality can very easily drag such publishers into the court, in future as well so many high profile artists has sued publishers on the above cheating basis, the best example has been the case of all time Dance super star Michael Jacksonwho had launched a suit under law against the Universal Music Group in the year 1980sclaiming for the unpaid royality that the company in concern has not paid to him, Sometimes even musicians also sue each other for infringement of copy rights (Eagle, 2004). There has been some important and famous cases in this regard ie Three boys music corporation Vs Bolton ,212 F .3d 477 (9th Cir. 2000). In starting years of 2000, The invention of music sharing through Internet has completed changed the face of recording industry ithrough out the world.With this any person can not download any song and save them at their desktops, things has become so easy now, thus this also gave birth to series of lawsuits in the music industry as well. Music piracy became a very important issue to deal with although prompt care was taken by the creators of file sharing software. In a noted case of the recording industry association of American (RIAA) some 261 cases were registered and filed against individuals who have downloaded these songs from the internet (SCHNOEBELEN, 1997). The situation had now become very awkward and disturbing, and the new technology has made the situation very alarming and significant that the matter now has to be tackled very carefully and continuously (Lazlo, 1979). Its publishing the primary source of income where the singers writing their own composition makes a lot of money but the funds gets transferred to the person who possesses the copyrights. We should now know this thing that it is not always that the person who sings a song is the owner of it, it my be prepared by one and then later sold in liew of funds to another person, and the buying person gets it registered and make its copyrights on his name and thue becomes the real owner of the same, now the real story of earning money starts as no one other than the copyrights holder of the song has got the permission to run that song until or unless it is permitted by the copyrights holder to do so, The money that you earn by that song is publishing, now the more famous your song will be the more money you shall earn from it, as ther shall be more and more people who wish to sing it or see its video (Sigman, 1988). Basically there ar many types of areas with which you earn money ie performan ce, Mechanical, print of that song and its synchronization. Performance and mechanical ways are the ways that earn you better/more money as compared to rest of the ways. Printing mode is the mode that allows an owner to earn money each and every time his concerned song has been printed or its lyrics are published, though it is not a manner to earn high money, but still even lesser money comes in, but money is money (Spencer, 1992). Synchronization license are a different type of as it is concerned with visual effects. Commercial, videos and sound tracks are some of the most important and bset examples of this concerned. Normally the money that come in by this way is huge and it can un doubtly be called as the best source of money generation licenses. The length of the commercial shall definitely change the money generation from it, also the popularity of that particular commercial, song or video shall effect the money incoming prospect, definitely there is no limit to the figures th at can be definitely earned from this. Most of the publishing companies all over the world likes that you carry forward all the problems that you face upon that concerned company and pay them half of the earings that you shall receive each and every time that concerned commercial, song etc is played, as an artist you may try to refrain from this but in case you do not apply for their assistance you may fall into serious complications as now you may have to track the running of that song in your country or probably through out the world, which in itself is a very hard task to follow up with (COOPER, 1938). Thus it is always recommended that we should always sign with a company which has got very huge relationships and branch image in the market. There may also be a possibility that the company may be very big brand holder but it must also be very just, as they may through their influence ever steel that thing from you, and you being a mere thing in front of them losses you actual hard work and creation, thus the publishing company should always be of clear character and sound background. Now some times you still feel the danger of getting exploited, then the only learned step to take at this time is to go for creation /start of a new company of your own. It is always good to hire a company who is trustworthy and who handles your songs with full faith and commitment, so that you do not end up in a mess (Stroh and Verhaalen, 1970). There are so many publishing contract which are associated with the music publishing agreement and this i of prompt importance that one should have through knowledge of these as well, Some of these are as follow ----- 1 ) Single Song Agreement. As the name suggest this deal is an agreement between the writer of the song and its publisher in which the former person gransts rights to the latter one to set for publication of 1 or at the most 2 songs and in such type of agreement the a one time recoupable payment is made. 2) Exclusive Song Writer Contract Such agreement in which the entire songs written and published with in a stipulated period of ime come into existence, thus any type of composition which is made by a writer in an affixed tenure of time belongs directly to the music publisher. 3 ) Co Publishing Agreement. The most common publishing agreement is the Co publishing agreement , which is also called as Co-Pub, under this both the writer and the publisher are the co owners of the song or each song thus made. This is made upon a pre decided share of the royality which is the outcome from that song, or commercial or video (Kidson, 1907). The share usually in this aspect is 50:50, but this may vary depending upon the experience or market value of any one of the parties, suppose if in case the writr is a new one and on the other habnd if the publisher is of quite renowned personality, the share may even go to 25:75 or vice versa, or it may even come down to 15:85 as well (Underwood, 1996). 4) Administration Agreement This type of agreement takes place between a writer/publisher and other music publisher, in this type of contract the writer himself publishes the concerned song and merely licenses the song to the music publisher for a certain tenure/term (Hoffman, 1948). Although this should always be kept in mind that the ownership of the cyrights are not transferable to the admistrator, but the publisher gets around 10-20% of the income generated from this (Royality). 5 ) Collection Agreement. This type of agreement is almost similar to that of the Admin deal whre the copyrights are retained by the writer except this that the exploitation functions such as business manager or accountant are not performed by the publisher. 6) Sub Publishing Agreement. Basically the deals which are done in Forgein countries or at forgein territories where there is no transfer of copyrights ownership is performed to the sub publisher, but this is also limited to 1 or more that 1 countries which falls under forgein origin.ofter this kind of agreement is mostly restricted to the Australia, European, Switzerland or Latin American countries. 7 ) Purchase Agreement. Under this type of agreement a music publisher acquires some rights or evn whole rights of another music publisher, which may also be considered as some what like merger of companies.Concept of Due diligence is run in this type of cases so that no disputes may arise in future (Author agreement and copyright, 2003). Collection societies are organisations handling the function of right management, these rights owners perfoms the following duties All non exclusive licenses are sold by them. Royalties are collected by them. All the royalties thus collected are distributed as agreed at the beginnening by them. They also ger indulged into entering into contracts with other collecting societies. Look that their rights and enforced. Conclusion Now as we have gone through all the concepts pros and cons and royality distribution, and there after the impact of introduction of internet and changes that came as dramatic by nature and disputes which arose at that times, and other all concepts which concerns this music publishing concept, we conclude that this concept is very vast and fast grown, this involves so many complications and arrangements to tackle these complications, and its future hazards. The information which has been discussed above have provided us with the clear picture that how this music industry is atructured and what all changes has come during this journey since its inception. The above has streamlined both ways of the argument. The concept of music piracy has been come in existence much due to this music industry; it has also given brth to downloading of any of the music or commercial and is particularly called as peer to peer networks. Thus this is completed true if we say that the money which a writer ea rn on behalf of his song being published or bought into live performances are such huge and unexpected that this may surprise even almost all the human generation (Jackson and Sant, 1985). The best part is to make a company of your own so as to safe guard the risk which may emerge on account of getting trapped into the hands of some bigger and popular music publishing companies (Kidson, 1907) References Asscher, M. (1992). What publishers need in national copyright laws.Publishing Research Quarterly, 8(2), pp.21-26. Author agreement and copyright. (2003).Journal of Midwifery Women's Health, 48(4), pp.A23-A23. COOPER, M. (1938). LISZT AS A SONG WRITER.Music and Letters, XIX(2), pp.171-181. Eagle, B. (2004). Predicting Black Musical Innovation and Integration: The 1850 Mance Index for Appalachia.Black Music Research Journal, 24(1), p.73. Fletcher, L. and Lobato, R. (2013). Living and Labouring as a Music Writer.CSR, 19(1), p.155. Frith, S. (1988). Copyright and the music business.Popular Music, 7(01), p.57. Garofalo, R. (1999). From Music Publishing to MP3: Music and Industry in the Twentieth Century.American Music, 17(3), p.318. Hauser, A. (1958). American Music Publishing in 1958.Notes, 15(3), p.377. Hoffman, M. (1948). Go Ahead and Sign That Contract!.Music Educators Journal, 34(6), p.9. Jackson, R. and Sanjek, R. (1985). From Print to Plastic: Publishing and Promoting America's Popular Music (1900-1980).American Music, 3(4), p.494. Kidson, F. (1907). Old-Time Music Publishing.The Musical Times, 48(771), p.303. Lazlo, D. (1979). New Music Distribution Service.Computer Music Journal, 3(2), p.5. Lund, J. (n.d.). Fixing Music Copyright.SSRN Journal. Music. (1981).Early Music, 9(2), pp.267-267. Popular Music: Education Issue. (1995).Popular Music, 14(01), p.127. SCHNOEBELEN, A. (1997). The Relities of the music publishing word.Early Music, XXV(2), pp.349-349. Sigman, M. (1988). A Serious Look at Serious Music Publishing.Music Educators Journal, 74(7), p.38. Spencer, G. (1992). Music Publishing and Music Representation in the Technological Age: A Symposium.Computer Music Journal, 16(3), p.96. Stroh, D. and Verhaalen, S. (1970). Publishing: Who Gains?.Music Educators Journal, 56(8), p.18. Underwood, K. (1996). Archival Guidelines for the Music Publishing Industry.Notes, 52(4), p.1112.

Ovarian Cancer Essay Summary Example For Students

Ovarian Cancer Essay Summary Of all gynecologic malignancies, ovarian cancer continues to have thehighest mortality and is the most difficult to diagnose. In the United Statesfemale population, ovarian cancer ranks fifth in absolute mortality among cancer related deaths (13,000/yr). In most reported cases, ovarian cancer, when first diagnosed is in stages III or IV in about 60 to 70% of patients which further complicates treatment of the disease (Barber, 3).Early detection in ovarian cancer is hampered by the lack of appropriate tumor markers and clinically, most patients fail to develop significantsymptoms until they reach advanced stage disease. The characteristics of ovarian cancer have been studied in primary tumors and in established ovarian tumor cell lines which provide a reproducible source of tumor material. Among the major clinical problems of ovarian cancer, malignant progression,rapid emergence of drug resistance, and associated cross-resistance remain unresolved. Ovarian cancer has a high frequency of metastasis yet generally remains localized within the peritoneal cavity. Tumor development has beenassociated with aberrant, dysfunctional expression and/or mutation ofvarious genes. This can include oncogene overexpression, amplification or mutation, aberrant tumor suppressor expression or mutation. Also, subversion of host antitumor immune responses may play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer (Sharp, 77). Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma was first described by Peham in 1899 ashypernephroma of the ovary because of its resemblance to renal cell carcinoma. By 1939, Schiller noted a histologic similarity to mesonephric tubules andclassified these tumors as mesonephromas.In 1944, Saphir and Lackner described two cases of hypernephroid carcinoma of the ovary and proposed clear celladenocarcinoma as an alternative term. Clear cell tumors of the ovary are now generally considered to be of mullerian and in the genital tract of mullerian origin. A number of examples of clear cell aden ocarcinoma have been reported to arise from the epithelium of an endometriotic cyst (Yoonessi, 289). Occasionally, a renal cell carcinoma metastasizes to the ovary and may be confused with a primary clear cell adenocarcinoma.Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma (OCCA) has been recognized as a distincthistologic entity in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of ovariantumors since 1973 and is the most lethal ovarian neoplasm with an overall five yearsurvival of only 34% (Kennedy, 342). Clear cell adenocarcinoma, like most ovariancancers, originates from the ovarian epithelium which is a single layer of cells found onthe surface of the ovary.Patients with ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma are typicallyabove the age of 30 with a median of 54 which is similar to that of ovarian epithelialcancer in general. OCCA represents approximately 6% of ovarian cancers and bilateralovarian involvement occurs in less that 50% of patients even in advanced cases. The association of OCCA and endometriosis is well documented (De La Cuesta,243). This was confirmed by Kennedy et al who encountered histologic or intraoperative evidence of endometriosis in 45% of their study patients. Transformationfrom endometriosis to clear cell adenocarcinoma has been previously demonstrated insporadic cases but was not observed by Kennedy et al. Hypercalcemia occurs in asignificant percentage of patients with OCCA. Patients with advanced disease are moretypically affected than patients with nonmetastatic disease. Patients with OCCA are alsomore likely to have Stage I disease than are patients with ovarian epithelial cancer ingeneral (Kennedy, 348). Histologic grade has been useful as an initial prognostic determinant in some studiesof epithelial cancers of the ovary. The grading of ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma hasbeen problematic and is complicated by the multiplicity of histologic patterns found inthe same tumor. Similar problems have been found in attempted grading of clear celladenocarcinoma of the endometrium (Disaia, 176). Despite these problems, tumorgrading has been attempted but has failed to demonstrate prognostic significance. However, collected data suggest that low mitotic activity and a predominance of clearcells may be favorable histologic features (Piver, 136). Risk factors for OCCA and ovarian cancer in general are much less clear than forother genital tumors with general agreement on two risk factors: nulliparity and familyhistory. There is a higher frequency of carcinoma in unmarried women and in marriedwomen with low parity. Gonadal dysgenesis in children is associated with a higher riskof developing ovarian cancer while oral contraceptives are associated with a decreasedrisk. Genetic and candidate host genes may be altered in susceptible families. Amongthose currently under investigation is BRCA1 which has been associated with anincreased susceptibility to breast cancer. Approximately 30% of ovarian adenocarcinomas express high levels of HER-2/neu oncogene which correlates with a poor prognosis (Altcheck, 375-376). Mutations in host tumor suppresser gene p53 are found in 50% of ovarian carcinomas. There also appears to be a racial predilection, as the vast majority of cases are seen in Caucasians (Yoonessi, 295). Considerable variation exists in the gross appearance of ovarian clear celladenocarcinomas and they are generally indistinguishable from other epithelial ovariancarcinomas. They could be cystic, solid, soft, or rubbery, and may also containhemorrhagic and mucinous areas (ODonnell, 250). Microscopically, clear cellcarcinomas are characterized by the presence of variable proportions of clear and hobnailcells. The former contain abundant clear cytoplasm with often centrally located nuclei,while the latter show clear or pink cytoplasm and bizarre basal nuclei with atypicalcytoplasmic intraluminal projections. The cellular arrangement may be tubulo acinar,papillary, or solid, with the great majority displaying a mixture of these patterns. Thehobnail and clear cells predominate with tubular and solid forms, respectively (Barber,214). Clear cell adenocarcinoma tissue fixed with alcohol shows a high cytoplasmicglycogen content which can be shown by means of special staining techniques. Abundant extracellular and rare intracellular neutral mucin mixed with sulfate andcarboxyl group is usually present. The clear cells are recognized histochemically andultrastructurally (short and blunt microvilli, intercellular tight junctions and desmosomes,free ribosomes, and lamellar endoplasmic reticulum). The ultrastructure of hobnail andclear cells resemble those of the similar cells seen in clear cell carcinomas of theremainder of the female genital tract (OBrien, 254). A variation in patterns of histologyis seen among these tumors and frequently within the same one. Whether both tubular components with hobnail cells and the solid part with clear cellsare required to establish a diagnosis or the presence of just one of the patterns issufficient has not been clearly established. Fortunately, most tumors exhibit a mixture ofthese components. Benign and borderline counterparts of clear cell ovarianadenocarcinomas are theoretical possibilities. Yoonessi et al reported that nodalmetastases could be found even when the disease appears to be grossly limited to thepelvis (Yoonessi, 296). Examination of retroperitoneal nodes is essential to allow formore factual staging and carefully planned adjuvant therapy. Surgery remains the backbone of treatment and generally consists of removal of theuterus, tubes and ovaries, possible partial omentectomy, and nodal biopsies. Theeffectiveness and value of adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy has not been clearlydemonstrated. Therefore, in patients with unilateral encapsulated lesions andhistologically proven uninvolvement of the contralateral ovary, omentum, and biopsiednodes, a case can be made for (a)no adjuvant therapy after complete surgical removaland (b) removal of only the diseased ovary in an occasional patient who may be youngand desirous of preserving her reproductive capacity (Altchek, 97). In the more adv-anced stages, removal of the uterus, ovaries, omentum, and as much tumor as possiblefollowed by pelvic radiotherapy (if residual disease is limited to the pelvis) orchemotherapy must be considered. The chemotherapeutic regimens generally involveadriamycin, alkylating agents, and cisPlatinum containing combinations (Barber, 442). OCCA is of epithelial origin and often contains mixtures of other epithelial tumorssuch as serous, mucinous, and endometrioid. Clear cell adenocarcinoma is characterizedby large epithelial cells with abundant cytoplasm. Because these tumors sometimesoccur in association with endometriosis or endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary andresemble clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium, they are now thought to be ofmullerian duct origin and variants of endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Clear cell tumors ofthe ovary can be predominantly solid or cystic. In the solid neoplasm, the clear cells arearranged in sheets or tubules. In the cystic form, the neoplastic cells line the spaces. Five-year survival is approximately 50% when these tumors are confined to the ovaries,but these tumors tend to be aggressive and spread beyond the ovary which tends to make5-year survival highly unlikely (Altchek, 416). Some debate continues as to whether clear cell or mesonephroid carcinoma is aseparate clinicopathological entity with its own distinctive biologic behavior and naturalhistory or a histologic variant of endometrioid carcinoma. In an effort to characterizeclear cell adenocarcinoma, Jenison et al compared these tumors to the most common ofthe epithelial malignancies, the serous adenocarcinoma (SA). Histologically determinedendometriosis was strikingly more common among patients with OCCA than with SA. Other observations by Jenison et al suggest that the biologic behavior of clear celladenocarcinoma differs from that of SA. They found Stage I tumors in 50% of theobserved patient population as well as a lower incidence of bilaterality in OCCA(Jenison, 67-69). Additionally, it appears that OCCA is characteristically larger thanSA, possibly explaining the greater frequency of symptoms and signs at presentation. Risk FactorsThere is controversy regarding talc use causing ovarian cancer. Unt il recently, mosttalc powders were contaminated with asbestos. Conceptually, talcum powder on theperineum could reach the ovaries by absorption through the cervix or vagina. Sincetalcum powders are no longer contaminated with asbestos, the risk is probably no longerimportant (Barber, 200). The high fat content of whole milk, butter, and meat productshas been implicated with an increased risk for ovarian cancer in general. The Centers for Disease Control compared 546 women with ovarian cancer to 4,228controls and reported that for women 20 to 54 years of age, the use of oralcontraceptives reduced the risk of ovarian cancer by 40% and the risk of ovarian cancerdecreased as the duration of oral contraceptive use increased. Even the use of oralcontraceptives for three months decreased the risk. The protective effect of oralcontraceptives is to reduce the relative risk to 0.6 or to decrease the incidence of diseaseby 40%. There is a decreased risk as high as 40% for women who have had fo ur ormore children as compared to nulliparous women. There is an increase in the incidenceof ovarian cancer among nulliparous women and a decrease with increasing parity. Theincessant ovulation theory proposes that continuous ovulation causes repeated traumato the ovary leading to the development of ovarian cancer. Incidentally, having two ormore abortions compared to never having had an abortion decreases ones risk ofdeveloping ovarian cancer by 30% (Coppleson, 25-28). Consequences Of The Black Death EssayCurrently there are several serum markers that are available to help make a diagnosis. These include CA 125, CEA, DNB/70K, LASA-P, and serum inhibin. Recently theurinary gonadotropin peptide (UCP) and the collagen-stimulating factor have beenadded. Although the tumor markers have a low specificity and sensitivity, they are oftenused in screening for ovarian cancer. A new tumor marker CA125-2 has greaterspecificity than CA125. In general, tumor markers have a very limited role in screeningfor ovarian cancer. The common epithelial cancer of the ovary is unique in killing the patient while being,in the vast majority of the cases, enclosed in the anatomical area where it initiallydeveloped: the peritoneal cavity. Even with early localized cancer, lymph nodemetastases are not rare in the pelvic or aortic areas. In most of the cases, death is due tointraperitoneal proliferation, ascites, protein loss and cachexia. The concept ofdebulking or cytoreduct ive surgery is currently the dominant concept in treatment. The first goal in debulking surgery is inhibition of debulking surgery is inhibition ofthe vicious cycle of malnutrition, nausea, vomiting, and dyspepsia commonly found inpatients with mid to advanced stage disease. Cytoreductive surgery enhances theefficiency of chemotherapy as the survival curve of the patients whose largest residualmass size was, after surgery, below the 1.5 cm limit is the same as the curve of thepatients whose largest metastatic lesions were below the 1.5 cm limit at the outset(Altchek, 422-424). The aggressiveness of the debulking surgery is a key question surgeons must facewhen treating ovarian cancers. The debulking of very large metastatic masses makes nosense from the oncologic perspective. As for extrapelvic masses the debulking, even ifmore acceptable, remains full of danger and exposes the patient to a heavy handicap. For these reasons the extra-genital resections have to be limited to lymphadenectomy,omentectomy, pelvic abdominal peritoneal resections and rectosigmoid junctionresection. That means that stages IIB and IIC and stages IIIA and IIB are the only trueindications for extrapelvic cytoreductive surgery. Colectomy, ileectomy, splenectomy,segmental hepatectomy are only exceptionally indicated if they allow one to perform areal optimal resection. The standard cytoreductive surgery is the total hysterectomy withbilateral salpingoophorectomy. This surgery may be done with aortic and pelvic lymphnode sampling, omentectomy, and, if necessary, resection of the rectos igmoidal junction(Barber. 182-183). The concept of administering drugs directly into the peritoneal cavity as therapy ofovarian cancer was attempted more than three decades ago. However, it has only beenwithin the last ten years that a firm basis for this method of drug delivery has becomeestablished. The essential goal is to expose the tumor to higher concentrations of drugfor longer periods of time than is possible with systemic drug delivery. Several agentshave been examined for their efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic advantage whenadministered via the peritoneal route. Cisplatin has undergone the most extensive evaluation for regional delivery. Cisplatinreaches the systemic compartment in significant concentrations when it is administeredintraperitoneally. The dose limiting toxicity of intraperitoneally administered cisplatin isnephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and emesis. The depth of penetration of cisplatin into theperitoneal lining and tumor following regional delivery is only 1 to 2 mm from thesurface which lim its its efficacy. Thus, the only patients with ovarian cancer who wouldlikely benefit would be those with very small residual tumor volumes. Overall,approximately 30 to 40% of patients with small volume residual ovarian cancer havebeen shown to demonstrate an objective clinical response to cisplatin-based locallyadministered therapy with 20 to 30% of patients achieving a surgically documentedcomplete response. As a general rule, patients whose tumors have demonstrated aninherent resistance to cisplatin following systemic therapy are not considered fortreatment with platinum-based intraperitoneal therapy (Altchek, 444-446). In patients with small volume residual disease at the time of second look laparotomy,who have demonstrated inherent resistance to platinum-based regimens, alternativeintraperitoneal treatment programs can be considered. Other agents includemitoxantrone, and recombinant alpha-interpheron. Intraperitoneal mitoxanthone hasbeen shown to have definite activity in small volume residual platinum-refractory ovariancancer. Unfortunately, the dose limiting toxicity of the agent is abdominal pain andadhesion formation, possibly leading to bowel obstruction. Recent data suggests thelocal toxicity of mitoxanthone can be decreased considerably by delivering the agent inmicrodoses. Ovarian tumors may have either intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. Manymechanisms of drug resistance have been described. Expression of the MDR1 gene thatencodes the drug efflux protein known as p-glycoprotein, has been shown to confer thecharacteristic multi-drug resistance to clones of some cancers. The most widelyc onsidered definition of platinum response is response to first-line platinum treatmentand disease free interval. Primary platinum resistance may be defined as any progressionon treatment. Secondary platinum resistance is the absence of progression on primaryplatinum-based therapy but progression at the time of platinum retreatment for relapse(Sharp, 205-207). Second-line chemotherapy for recurrent ovarian cancer is dependent on preferences ofboth the patient and physician. Retreatment with platinum therapy appears to offersignificant opportunity for clinical response and palliation but relatively little hope forlong-term cure. Paclitaxel (trade name: Taxol), a prototype of the taxanes, is cytotoxicto ovarian cancer. Approximately 20% of platinum failures respond to standard doses ofpaclitaxel. Studies are in progress of dose intensification and intraperitonealadministration (Barber, 227-228). This class of drugs is now thought to represent anactive addition to the platinum analogs, either as primary therapy, in combination withplatinum, or as salvage therapy after failure of platinum. In advanced stages, there is suggestive evidence of partial responsiveness of OCCA toradiation as well as cchemotherapy, adriamycin, cytoxan, and cisPlatinum-containingcombinations (Yoonessi, 295). Radiation techniques include intraperitoneal radioactivegold or chromium phosphate and external beam therapy to the abdomen and pelvis. Therole of radiation therapy in treatment of ovarian canver has diminished in prominence asthe spread pattern of ovarian cancer and the normal tissue bed involved in the treatmentof this neoplasm make effective radiation therapy difficult. When the residual diseaseafter laparotomy is bulky, radiation therapy is particularly ineffective. If postoperativeradiation is prescribed for a patient, it is important that theentire abdomen and pelvis areoptimally treated to elicit a response from the tumor (Sharp, 278-280). In the last few decades, the aggressive attempt to optimize the treatment ofovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma and ovarian cancer in general has seen remarkableimprovements in the response rates of patients with advanced stage cancer withoutdramatically improving long-term survival. The promises of new drugs with activitywhen platinum agents fail is encouraging and fosters hope that, in the decades to come,the endeavors of surgical and pharmacoogical research will make ovarian cancer aneasily treatable disease. BibliographyAltchek, A., ; Deligdisch, L. (1996). Diagnosis and Management of Ovarian Disorders. New York: Igaku Shoin. Barber, H. (1993). Ovarian Carcinoma: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. New York: Springer Verlag. Coppleson, M. (Ed.). (1981). Gynecologic Oncology (vol. 2). New York: ChurchillLivingstone. Current Clinical Trials Oncology. (1996). Green Brook, NJ: Pyros Education. De La Cuesta, R., ; Eichorn, J. (1996). Histologic transformation of benignendometriosis to early epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecologic Oncology, 60, 238-244. Disaia, P, ; Creasman, W. (1989). Clinical Gynecologic Oncology (3rd ed.). St. Louis:Mosby. Jenison, E., Montag, A., ; Griffiths, T. (1989). clear cell adenocarcinoma of the ovary: a clinical analysis and comparison with serous carcinoma. Gynecologic Oncology,32, 65-71. Kennedy, A., ; Biscotti, C. (1993). Histologic correlates of progression-free interval andsurvival in ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma. Gynecologic Oncology, 50, 334-338. Kennedy, A., ; Biscotti, C. (1989). Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma. GynecologicOncology, 32, 342-349. OBrien, M., Schofield, J., Tan, S. (1993). Clear cell epithelial ovarian cancer: Badprognosis only in early stages. Gynecologic Oncology, 49, 250-254. ODonnell, M, ; Al-Nafussi, A. (1995). Intracytoplasmic lumina and mucinous inclusionsin ovarian carcinoma. Histopathology, 26, 181-184. Piver, S. (Ed.). (1987). Ovarian Malignancies. New York: Churchill Livingstone. Sharp, F., Mason, P., Blackett, T., ; Berek, J. (1995). Ovarian Cancer 3. New York: Chapman ; Hall Medical. Yamada, K., ; Kiyoshi, O. (1995). Monoclonal antibody, Mab 12C3, is a sensitiveimmunohistochemical marker of early malignant change in epithelial ovarian tumors. Anatomic Pathology, 103, 288-294. Yoonessi, M., Weldon, D., ; Sateesh, S. (1984). Clear cell ovarian carcinoma. Journalof Surgical Oncology, 27, 289-297.